Sunday 30 April 2017

Task 1: List 10 stories/debates/examples that you could use for the Identities and the Media question. 
  1. Ill Manors - Working class/youth
  2. Gone too far/Tight Jeans by Destiny Ekaragwa - Black identities in the UK
  3. Laura Bates/EverydaySexism - feminism tackling sexism (fourth wave feminism)
  4. No More Page 3 campaign - feminism tackling sexism
  5. Twitter communities and identities - "Black Twitter"
  6. Citizen Khan/Yasmin - Asian identities in the UK
  7. Edward Said Orientalism - East is demonised, west vs. east
  8. Beyonce why dont you love me - Judith butler vs. McRobbie
  9. London riots - negative representation of the youth in news
  10. The kids are alright - Portrays homosexual couples/parents in a positive light, 
Task 2: List 10 stories/debates/examples that you could use for the New/Digital Media question.
  1. Data mining 
  2. Fake news
  3. Globalisation/ Americanisation 
  4. The decline of newspapers/print media
  5. Marxism vs. Pluralism
  6. News values
  7. Internet and the news (Paywalls)
  8. Social media
  9. Citizen journalism / hyper reality

Friday 21 April 2017

critical investigation complete

“The most disrespected person in America is the Black woman” – Malcolm X
How far does Beyoncé’s visual album Lemonade promote the views and values of Black feminism?

Black feminism is a feminist concept and school of thought which flourished in the 1960s. It has often been disregarded due to its lack of authenticity over the preferable mainstream form of feminism. One may ask what the difference between these two similar concepts is; the answer is simply racial privilege. Racial privilege allows white women to have an increased ability to challenge gender-based oppression, while still maintaining access and freedoms that women of colour are routinely denied. Institutionalised racism, misogyny and oppression within our societies are placing Black women at the bottom of the social hierarchy, making them victims to the discriminative societal standards. Crenshaw’s intersectionality theory[1] epitomises the difficulties Black women face: they cannot differentiate race from class or gender oppression due to the fact that they experience them simultaneously.  Black feminism is more than simply empowering women, its roots lie in the struggle and oppression Black women have been facing for centuries. Black feminism as a political and social movement is ultimately symbolising their right to be liberated from the harsh standards that have been implemented on them.  Beyoncé has conveyed these struggles through her 2016 visual album “Lemonade”, which highlights the various struggles that Black women face while also embracing the successes of Black women.  Often regarded as an advocate for mainstream Black feminism, Beyoncé has reached global success with her album, sparking discussions on the issue and increasing social awareness. Nevertheless, how far Beyoncé’s Lemonade promotes the ideology and the values of black feminism is debatable. This essay will outline the complexities of black feminism as a concept and school of thought, and the extent to which Lemonade effectively advances their ideas.
Fundamentally, the concept of Black feminism itself has various interpretations, and whether Beyoncé is an advocate for feminism is debatable. Black feminism is one of the many subdivisions within the school of feminism. Feminists across America have been debating this form of feminism Beyoncé proclaims, and whether or not it can be considered to be feminism[2]. The term “Bey Feminism” has been coined to describe this phenomenon; Beyoncé’s form of feminism provides Black women with a way of negotiating, co-creating, reinforcing and challenging their identities as Black women in American society[3]. This form of feminism is prominent in Lemonade, as Beyoncé encourages her audience to embrace their identities and appreciate their worth. In terms of traditional Black feminism, Professor of Sociology Patricia Collin states that Black feminism is a critical social theory that “aims to empower African American women within the context of social injustice sustained by intersection oppressions”[4], whereas Berg defines feminism as “a broad movement embracing numerous phases of women’s emancipation”[5]. This highlights the complexities of feminism as some believe that feminism should be broad and encompass many different perspectives while others feel that feminism should be specific and detailed[6]. Prominent feminist Bell Hooks argues that Beyoncé’s construction of feminism cannot be trusted. “Her vision of feminism does not call for an end to patriarchal domination. It’s all about insisting on equal rights for men and women.”[7]  Yet, it could be argued that Beyoncé is simply using her influence and power to address these major issues. Therefore, it can be interpreted that Beyoncé is promoting the views of Black feminism, as they are addressing the problems Black women face. Despite her criticisms, Hooks praises Beyoncé for providing her audience with “the construction of a powerfully symbolic Black female sisterhood that resists invisibility… that refuses to be silent and this in and of itself is no small feat—it shifts the gaze of white mainstream culture”[8].
The visual album carries messages of the need for empowering Black women through the discussion of the harsh experiences they have faced. This indicates the link between Lemonade and Black feminism in terms of the empowerment of women and bringing to light their struggles. Lemonade intertwines the various aspects of Black feminism through its narrative and visuals to provide the audience with an insight into the lives of Black American women and the ideology of Black womanhood. A certain conclusion that one can come to in regards to the importance of Black feminism is that “no intervention changed the face of American feminism more than the demand of feminist thinkers acknowledging the reality of race and racism”[9], and that Lemonade has to an extent represented the first principles of black feminism.
Lemonade as a visual album is striking and thought-provoking when explored in depth. The visual album is in the form of a documentary narrative which is organised into 11 chapters. Each chapter has an introduction either through a poem or direct dialogue, thus allowing the audience to have an understanding of the atmosphere of the chapter, the meaning behind it and its theme. The narrative style of the visual album can be explained through Todorov’s theory of equilibrium[10], as we see Beyoncé in a state of disequilibrium and her eventual new equilibrium. This indicates at the idea of there being hope for all Black women, regardless of the hardships they face.  
Anger is a key chapter, which reflects on women feeling the need to change their identity to fit into a patriarchal society that meets the expectations of men. This links back to the concept of Misogynoir, coined by Black feminist Moya Bailey to describe the misogyny directed towards Black women where race and gender both play roles in bias[11]. The poem at the start of Anger juxtaposes the shots of cheerleaders, creating a sinister atmosphere “If this is what you truly want, I can wear her skin...over mine”. This could be interpreted to represent a façade, a concealment of one’s true identity to satisfy others, which is an issue amongst women in society. The song in this chapter “Don’t Hurt Yourself” has a bitter tone due to her marital breakdown, in which Beyoncé is seen reassuring herself and empowering herself “I am the dragon breathing fire… I am not broken, I'm not crying, I'm not crying”. This highlights her resilience and strength as a Black woman, which conveys the philosophy of Black feminism; in return it will inspire her audience. Beyoncé is seen wearing an oversized fur jacket, which illuminates power and authority, an image which is not often connoted with women but one that Black feminism is attempting to enforce. There is a reference to Malcolm x and his famous speech on the hardships of Black women. "The most disrespected person in America is the Black woman. The most neglected person in America is the Black woman." This epitomises the struggle of Black women, the fact that this speech is over fifty years old emphasises on the relevance of Black feminism and the timelessness of these reoccurring issues. This message juxtaposes with the concept of post-feminism[12], which argues that feminism is in fact no longer needed due to women having achieved gender equality in terms of the law. Lemonade instead suggests that feminism is still a relevant movement, and that we still need feminism as these issues facing women still exist. This message is portrayed alongside shots of ordinary Black women in background, which creates a sense of normality and personal identification[13]. The song is ultimately radical while also heartfelt, carrying an aesthetic and motivational appeal. It could be suggested that Lemonade is a product of post-colonial feminism as a response to feminism which is seemingly focused solely on the experiences of women in Western cultures[14], as Lemonade instead focuses on the experiences of Black women.
The chapter Resurrection is also vital in understanding the concept of Black feminism, as it suggests at the rebirth of Beyoncé’s true identity. The song “Forward” features a deeply cathartic memorial to the Black male lives lost throughout history, honoured by the women who raised them, both literally and symbolically[15]. The scene that accompanies the song is powerful and resonates with the audience due its sentimental and evoking tone. The audience see the mothers of the murdered sons, Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner and Michael Brown holding their photos. This highlights the growing issue of police brutality and the weaknesses of the justice system. The use of cameos from the mothers of the children who have died due to police brutality allows audiences who have experienced police brutality to relate and form personal relationships or identify themselves amongst the characters (Uses and Gratifications theory)[16], and also gain a better understanding on the significance on the impact that police brutality may have on families. This is in parallel with the aims of black feminism in terms of giving black women a voice to discuss the hardships they face, but one can argue that this simply a form of exploitation to gain a mass-market appeal through political means. The use of the suffering of black women to create music that Beyoncé will eventually gain profit from can be perceived to be insensitive. Additionally, Beyoncé had also been criticised for her overt pregnancy announcement. Beyoncé’s dominant presence in the media alongside with her radical album has led to critics claiming that Beyoncé is doing this to generate controversy. As a result, it is no surprise that many see Beyoncé’s use of black feminism in Lemonade as simply a marketing technique to gain more publicity.
In terms of iconography, the major themes of Lemonade are portrayed effectively. “Sorry” links back to the concept of Black women embracing their cultural roots and identity. This is conveyed through images of women wearing Yoruba tribal painting, which is also seen on Beyoncé throughout the song. This is linked to the post-colonial theorist Fanon’s concept of primitive representations. What the media would negatively portray such as 'exotic & virile' tribal warriors or 'bare-breasted maidens' with a 'natural sense of rhythm’[17] is embraced and perceived as beautiful in the visual album. Iconography is most prominent in “Formation”. The history of the Black Panther Party is portrayed through the edgy costume worn by Beyoncé; it links origins of Black feminism and the unrest in America during the 1960's. The Black Panthers’ style of clothing is iconic in the world of cinema, due to the increase of Blaxploitation in the 1970’s, thus making their image easily recognisable amongst the mainstream audience. More importantly, the extended shot of a child dancing in front of a row of riot police before the camera cuts to graffiti reading “STOP SHOOTING US” highlights the subject of police brutality and the significance of this issue in society. The annual Super Bowl event in America (2016) sparked controversy when Beyoncé’s halftime performance saw her backup dancers dressed in Black Panther outfits. While many have praised her move in honouring the Black Panthers, police have argued that the imagery in the music video is anti-law enforcement, and her apparent tribute to the Black Panthers fell just as flat, given that group's history of tensions with authorities.[18] Departments across the country have been discussing symbolic stands against the singer, whose video also featured imagery closely aligned with the Black Lives Matter movement.[19] Whether the Black Panthers are an image of danger and threat is debatable and truly based on opinion, but their fight against police brutality and oppression cannot be dismissed. It can be argued to some extent that Lemonade has induced moral panic[20], as presented through the aftermath and the reactions of the Super Bowl. Furthermore, various media outlets and individuals have heavily scrutinized Beyoncé, with comments being made by columnists and artists alike. Music artist Azealia Banks argues that Beyoncé has created a more sanitised representation of black feminism, one which does not fulfil the purpose of the movement. Banks argues that “This heartbroken black female narrative you keep trying to push is the Antithesis of what feminism is,” she continues to argue that Lemonade is not what “the national black women's conversation needs right now”[21]. In regards to Butler’s theory on gender roles[22], Beyoncé has also been scrutinised for fulfilling the socially constructed roles of a woman, which can be seen as against the purpose of feminism. Banks claims that Beyoncé “keeps crying over a man and perpetuating that sad black female sufferance” and that it's “not good for what we're trying to accomplish here”. The negative responses Lemonade has received due to its misrepresentations of black feminism suggest that Lemonade may not have reached its full potential as an album to promoting Black feminism. Nevertheless, “Formation” has a clear connection with black feminism through the promotion of its values in the lyrics and music video. 
Movements such as Black feminism are fighting against all forms of oppression and for Beyoncé to refer to it in Lemonade emphasises on the link between the concept and her visual album. As suggested by Ball, “Formation” seeks not only to clarify Beyoncé’s proximity to her racial identity but also to make that identification less linear by highlighting a wide range of voices, styles, and experiences[23]. The use of cameos from various talented people of colour is also another key feature of the visual album. The album features cameos of British-Somali poet Warsan Shire, Serena Williams and a number of young, Black celebrities. Lemonade promotes Black individuals and their creativity, by providing a platform for the appreciation of various identities which would otherwise not be acknowledged to take place. As noted by Emerson, “Blackness does not carry a negative connotation. Instead, it is the basis for strength, power, and a positive self-identity.[24] This can be linked to Perkins theory on positive stereotypes[25]. More people are now associating black women with beauty and exoticness, which can be argued to be over-sexualising women as suggested by Alvarado[26], but the appreciation of black women not only in music videos but social media (hash-tags such as #blackoutday) highlights the presence of Black feminist values in Lemonade but also in modern day society.
Beyoncé’s ownership of her own label, Parkwood Entertainment, indicates at her influence on the album due to the fact she has control over the content of her music. This is evident through the discussion of controversial topics such as Black feminism, misogyny, and society’s ever-present racial tensions. The album was released exclusively on Tidal first, reeling in $50 million in revenue over the course of the single weekend, highlighting the success of the album in reaching mainstream audiences. The majority of the mainstream audience have responded in a positive manner towards Lemonade, despite its controversies. Yet, there were some criticisms, notably from Piers Morgan, who states that he “preferred the old Beyoncé… the less inflammatory, agitating one.”[27] This demonstrates the criticisms of Beyoncé for being inauthentic in her cause by using feminism and women’s issues only as a means to sell albums[28]. However, it could be argued that Beyoncé is merely using her influence as an artist to raise awareness on movements such as Black feminism and the empowerment of women.
The music industry as a whole has evolved over the past decades, as more artists are breaking the boundaries of music in the digital age to produce politically fuelled albums which address issues that would otherwise be dismissed in the mainstream news. Music from the 80’s and 90’s has been an inspiration for many modern artists, as elements of artists such as N.W.A and A Tribe Called Quest, who would often discuss racial tensions are present in the content produced by artists today. A notable example from the past two decades to represent the views of Black feminism is female rapper Queen Latifah who made history when she won a Grammy for “U.N.I.T.Y.” in 1995.[29] The song spoke out against domestic violence and the objectification of Black female sexuality, generating a conversation in the African American community over violence and assault against women.[30] In terms of the lyrics of U.N.I.T.Y, there is a strong sense of female empowerment, similarly found in Beyoncé’s Lemonade “every time I hear a brother call a girl a bitch or a hoe…you know that’s all got to go”. The addressing of domestic violence and abuse against Black women would have been ground-breaking during the time period. Pough suggest that Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a Woman” speech had the same impact in its time as “U.N.I.T.Y.” did in the 1990s,[31] and this highlights the impact that music can have in regards to raising awareness on movements and also issues that often go unheard. The context of the song corresponds to the theory of Womanism, which fights against racial oppression and gender oppression against women of colour. Overall, it can be argued that songs such as U.N.I.T.Y are building a bridge between popular culture and feminist action, and that this could mobilize a new rank of activists. Modern artists today are also having a positive influence on the music industry.[32] R&B artist and sister of Beyoncé, Solange, released an album with a social relevance in terms of Black oppression. Financial Times critic Hunter-Tilney said like Beyoncé's Lemonade album, "A Seat at the Table explores themes of prejudice and Blackness”[33] This suggests that the discussion of social issues is becoming a more prominent theme within the music industry, and it is no surprise that albums with similar contexts to Lemonade are sparking vast debates across social media and the news. Music has become a platform for artists to use their strengths and social influences to highlight issues through their mass appeal and in theory, thus allowing the two-step flow model[34] to take place. Beyoncé has effectively portrayed the values of Black feminism to the mainstream audience. Her attempts to reinscribe feminist sensibilities in her music have had an impact on popular culture[35], perhaps even altering the views of those who did not believe in the existence of Black oppression.
Fundamentally, Black feminism is growing as a movement and it is still relevant today. The concept of Black feminism has transformed as an ideology. It has been projected through current movements and also the artistry of Beyoncé. Hooks suggests that the breakthrough in denial about race helped women face reality of difference on all levels, thus allowing for a movement that did not place the class interests of privileged women, especially white women, over that of all other women[36]. This can be represented through social media, which has been a major aspect in the success of not only Lemonade but also the movements that have been referenced throughout Lemonade. The growing phenomena of social media and its power as a platform are revealed by Paul Gilroy. Gilroy suggests that race has become a marker for the activity of urban social movements and their conflict with urban political systems and state institutions[37]; this highlights the correlation between the rise in social movements and the growing discontent of minority populations, which is addressed by Lemonade. Gilroy’s hypothesis can be applied to Black Lives Matter, an ideological and political movement for Black lives that are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise[38]. The movement has sparked several protests against current issues such as police brutality, and has seen many join the fight against Black oppression within the system and anti-Black racism. The rhetoric’s of current movements such as Black Lives Matter and the Black Panthers have been a focus point throughout Lemonade. This suggests that the past and present of Black people and women interconnect, and Lemonade shows this by highlighting the continuing struggle Black women have been facing over the decades, demonstrating the relevance of Black feminism today.  In terms of the extent of portrayal of the various identities of Black women, aspects such as race, gender and sexuality are intersectional in Lemonade, and this conveys a sense of acceptance and pride while also encouraging Black women to overcome their struggles through unity. As a result, Lemonade becomes appealing due to it reaching out to all the marginalised voices of America. The narrative of Lemonade creates a platform in which the identity that would often be shunned is appreciated and admired. Whether Black feminism is under threat due to changing sphere of politics is debatable. The aftermath of Donald Trump’s election has resulted in an increase of racist incidents[39], which provides to be a threat to the safety of not only Black women but all minority ethnic groups. Nevertheless, the concept of Black feminism and the popularity of social movements fighting for the protection of rights for minorities are growing in strength and sustainability, and the surge in social awareness suggests that these movements are unlikely to die out.
In conclusion, Beyoncé’s Lemonade and Black feminism go hand in hand in terms of representing the difficulties Black women have faced throughout history. Lemonade is ultimately a symbol, crafted to portray the oppressions of Black women and their desire for freedom from society’s expectations and degradation. Beyoncé has successfully portrayed the concept of Black feminism, through struggle and eventual freedom. As they say, if life gives you lemons, make Lemonade.


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[1] (Wikipedia, 2016)
[2] (Adria Y. Goldman, 2014) Pg. 156
[3] Ibid. Pg. 157
[4] (Hill-Collins, 1999) pg.22
[5] (Adria Y. Goldman, 2014)Pg. 159
[6] Ibid. pg.158
[7] (Hooks, Moving Beyond Pain , 2016)
[8] Ibid
[9] (Hooks, Feminism is for Everybody) Pg.55
[10] (Narrative explained )
[11] (Wikipedia, 2016)
[12] (Post-feminism, 2017)
[13] (University of Kentucky, 2001)
[14] (Wikipedia)
[15]  (Locket, 2016)
[16] (University of Kentucky, 2001)
[17] (Identities: Post-colonial theory , 2017)
[18]  (Respers)
[19] Ibid
[20] (Trueman, 2015)
[21] (Oppenheim, 2016)
[22] (Butler, 1990)
[23] (Ball, 2016)
[24] (Emerson, 2002)
[25] (Stereotype, 2017)
[26] (Identities: Post-colonial theory , 2017)
[27] (Morgan, 2016)
[28] (Adria Y. Goldman, 2014)
[29] (Cheairs, 2005)
[30] Ibid
[31] Ibid
[32] (Cheairs, 2005)
[33] (Solange Knowles: A Seat at the Table)
[34] (Postelnicu, 2015)
[35] (Adria Y. Goldman, 2014)Pg. 155
[36] (Hooks, Feminism is for Everybody)Pg.58
[37] (Gilroy, 1991)
[38] (Black Lives Matter)
[39] (Reilly)